疫情中的贸易政策：综合方法——WTO应对COVID-19的政策见解

Policy insights from the WTO’s response The World Trade Organization deals with the global rules of tradebetween WTO members. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as Disclaimer This publication has been prepared under the WTO Secretariat’s own responsibility. It does not necessarily reflectthe positions or opinions of WTO members and is without prejudice to their rights and obligations under the WTOagreements. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are not intended to provide any authoritative orlegal interpretation of the provisions of the WTO agreements and shall in no way be read or understood to have any legal Contents— 5.Conclusion: Looking back to look ahead Acknowledgements— Maegan McCann, Devin McDaniels, Joscelyn Magdeleine,DarlanMarti,SimonNeumüller,EricNgKatherine Rewinkel-El Darwish, Martin Roy, Roy Santana,ThomasVerbeet,ChristianeWolff,DayongYuand Trade Policy in a Pandemic – An Integrated Approachis a publication of the World Trade Organization (WTO)Secretariat.The report was coordinated by AntonyTaubman (former director of the Intellectual Property, The team is especially grateful for the guidance andsupport provided by Deputy Director-General JohannaHill, as well as former WTO Deputy Director-GeneralAnabel González and former WTO Chief Economist Bob Contributionswere made by AntoniaCarzaniga,IsabelCalderón,Diwakar Dixit,Edvinas Drevinskas,FranciscoHernándezFernández,RogerAnastasiiaKoltunova,Roberta Lascari,Lauro Locks, Foreword by the WTO When I took office as Director-General of the World TradeOrganization in March 2021, the world was still in the gripof the COVID-19 pandemic. The human and economiccosts were mounting, global supply chains were understrain, and while effective vaccines had been developedin record time, they were in cruelly short supply. It wasa moment that laid bare the vulnerabilities that came exchangedideas,and identified best practices.TheSecretariatsupported this work with analytical work,technicalassistance,and practical tools to navigatearapidly changing landscape.We engaged with awide range of stakeholders to gain a more granularunderstanding of supply chain disruptions. In particular, In2022,at the WTO’s 12th Ministerial Conference,members reached a compromise decision on intellectualproperty related to COVID-19 vaccines and adopted aseparate Ministerial Declaration on the WTO Responseto the COVID-19 Pandemic. Together, these lay the Yet it quickly became clear that no country could facethe crisis alone. Global health security demanded globalcooperation,including on trade,which became animportant shock absorber after the initial lockdowns andexport restrictions. Cross-border supply chains rampedup production of medical supplies to meet skyrocketingglobal demand. COVID-19 vaccines were manufacturedin supply chains cutting across as many as 19 countries, Looking ahead, one key takeaway from this report isthat trade and smoothly functioning value chains will beessential whenever the next crisis comes: moving medicalsupplies and other goods and services is vital both forthe immediate health response and longer-term economicrecovery. WTO rules play a vital role here, as they do in This publication describes how the multilateral tradingsystem responded to this unprecedented global healthand economic emergency. It reflects the work of WTOmembers and the Secretariat during the most acutephasesof the pandemic starting in early 2020 and I hope this publication supports ongoing policy dialogue,inspires future cooperation, and serves as a reminder thatmultilateralism, rooted in shared responsibility, remains Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-IwealaDirector-General World Trade Organization Throughout the pandemic, the WTO served as a platformwhere members could engage, share information, andrespondto evolving challenges.In our councils and Executive summary— A primary responsibility of all governments is to safeguardthehealth of their populations,a responsibility theycannot expect to deliver without international cooperation.The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the stark realityof this interdependence. No domestic system, no matter Alongsidethe scramble for critical goods such aspersonal protective equipment, the early stages of thepandemic saw an urgent need for accurate and credibleinformation, a necessity for governments across the globe Asunderstanding of the characteristics of the novelcoronavirus developed, the global response ranged fromthe sharing of genomic data, to enable development ofnew medical countermeasures, to regulatory cooperation,anddialogue to comprehend the impact of variouspolicy responses. A WTO Secretariat task force began The pandemic thus demonstrated, in the most compellingway, the integral role of global trade in responding tochallenges to global health. The international responsespanned the full scope of the World Trade Organization’s(WTO’s) responsibilities and expertise; all communitiesdepended to some extent on tr