药物政策的发展维度：评估新挑战、发现机遇和解决新问题（英）2025

Assessing New Challenges,Uncovering Opportunities, andAddressing Emerging Issues The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the leading United Nations organizationfighting to end the injustice of poverty, inequality, and climate change. Working with our broadnetwork of experts and partners in 170 countries, we help nations to build integrated, lastingsolutions for people and planet. Learn more atundp.orgor follow at @UNDP. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent those of the membercountries of the UNDP Executive Board or of those institutions of the United Nations systemthat are mentioned herein. The designations and terminology employed, and the presentation of material do not implyany expression or opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or of its frontiers or boundaries. The photographs used in this document are drawn from free sources and are intended solelyfor illustrative purposes; they do not imply endorsement or reflect official positions. Copyright ©UNDP 2025. All rights reserved.One United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA Table of ContentsTable of Contents Table of Contents3Table of Contents Glossary4Glossary Acronyms and abbreviations6Acronyms and abbreviations Executive summary9Executive summary Introduction17Introduction Economic development and sustainable livelihoods21Alternative development: an evolving paradigm22Managing a transition to regulated markets23Embedding equity and social justice in policy design24Economic development and sustainable livelihoodsAlternative development: an evolving paradigmManaging a transition to regulated marketsEmbedding equity and social justice in policy design Governance31Governance Land reform and the challenge of illicit markets32Land reform and the challenge of illicit markets Public health39Public health Structural drivers of drug-related harms41The war on drugs and the response to HIV and co-infections42Public health impacts of drug policy reform46Structural drivers of drug-related harmsThe war on drugs and the response to HIV and co-infectionsPublic health impacts of drug policy reform Human rights57Human rights Human rights rationale for responsible regulation60The right to privacy and personal autonomy61Human rights rationale for responsible regulationThe right to privacy and personal autonomy Ways forward81Ways forward Strategic considerations85Strategic considerations Glossary International drug control institutions The Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) is the United Nations Member State body charged withsupervising the application of the international drug policy. The CND is a functional commission of theEconomic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) undertakes substantive work on drug controland acts as the Secretariat for the CND and for the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB). International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) is the quasi-judicial independent expert committee createdby the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs to monitor implementation of the conventions, and thecultivation, production, manufacture and use of scheduled drugs to the amount required for medical andscientific purposes. The World Health Organization (WHO) is a treaty body mandated to make recommendations for thescheduling of drugs through the Expert Committee on Drug Dependence and also nominates relevantexperts for election for three seats on the INCB. The three international drug control conventions ySingle Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) as amended by the 1972 Protocol Amending the SingleConvention on Narcotic DrugsyConvention on Psychotropic Substances (1971)yConvention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988). The Single Convention lists controlled substances according to their perceived therapeutic value andliability for abuse. The Convention on Psychotropic Substances treaty extends the scope of drug controlto include synthetic drugs and introduces more flexibility for control of drugs for medical uses into thecontrol system. The Convention against Illicit Traffic mandates increases international law enforcementand stronger domestic criminal legislation within the national legal framework of sovereign states. Allthree conventions provide for “alternatives to punishment” for people who use drugs. Licit/illicit drugs The international drug control conventions do not distinguish between licit and illicit drugs. The cultivation,production, manufacture, export and import of, trade in, possession or use of specific scheduled drugscontrary to the provisions of the conventions may be licit or illicit, but not the substance itself. However,substances categorized in the conventions under Schedule IV as “particularly liable to abuse” and deemedas having no therapeutic value are essentially judged to be i