亚洲绿色独立发电商（ipp）：中国与国际合作伙伴谈判与协议的实用指南

AcknowledgementsThis report would not have been possible without the contributions and insights of numerous individuals. Weextend our sincere thanks to the energy policy experts, industry practitioners, and independent powerproducers across Asia who generously shared their time and perspectives. These include Muhammad Ali,Lawrence Ang, Zainal Arifin, Jushkinbek Ismailov, Usahama Jamshald, Dedy Marsetloadi, Dinita Setyawati, NoorSyaifudin, Tung Nguyen Thanh, Muyi Yang, N A Zuberi and many more.We are also grateful to our colleagues, particularly Dr Shawn Hunter, who has been patiently and diligentlymanaging the project, Jill Moriarty for design, and Associate Professor Alexandr Akimov for his valuablefeedback throughout the drafting process. Finally, we acknowledge the support of our generous sponsors andpartners, whose guidance and resources were instrumental in the completion of this report.About this PublicationThis guidance document was written as part of the Green Energy Network – Asia (GEN-A), an initiative by theGriffith Asia Institute in Australia, in collaboration with the Institute of Essential Services Reform (IESR) inIndonesia, Pakistan China Institute (PCI) in Pakistan, and Climate Smart Ventures (CSV) in Philippines.Please cite as:Nedopil, C, Tumiwa, F, Sayed, M, Anis, MA Isnarti, R and Farooq, U, 2025,Green independent power producers(IPPs) in Asia: A practical guide for negotiations and agreements between Chinese and international partners,Griffith Asia Institute, Griffith University (Brisbane), DOI:https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/5792.© 2025 Griffith Asia Institute, Griffith UniversityCover picture: Shutterstock Acronyms and abbreviationsADBAsian Development BankAIIBAsian Infrastructure Investment BankBOOBuild-Own-OperateBOTBuild-Operate-TransferBRIBelt and Road InitiativeBOPBalance of PlantCAPEXCapital ExpenditureCDBChina Development BankCODCommercial Operation DateCPPACentral Power Purchasing Agency (Pakistan)DFIDevelopment Finance InstitutionDISCODistribution CompanyEdLElectricité du LaosE&SEnvironmental and SocialEPCEngineering, Procurement, and ConstructionEVNVietnam ElectricityFiTFeed-in TariffFXForeign ExchangeGHIGlobal Horizontal IrradianceIFCInternational Finance CorporationIPPIndependent Power ProducerJVJoint VentureJVAJoint Venture AgreementMEMRMinistry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia)MWMegawattNTDCNational Transmission and Dispatch Company (Pakistan)O&MOperation and MaintenanceOECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPPAPower Purchase AgreementPLNPerusahaan Listrik Negara (Indonesia’s state utility)PVPhotovoltaicRECsRenewable Energy CertificatesRMBRenminbi (Chinese currency)RfPRequest for ProposalSDGSustainable Development GoalSOEState-Owned EnterpriseSPVSpecial Purpose VehicleTNBTenaga Nasional Berhad (Malaysia)TWhTerawatt-hoursUSDUnited States Dollar ContentsExecutive summaryIntroduction: Role of IPPs in accelerating green energy transition in AsiaEnergy transition needs in AsiaIndependent Power Producer (IPP) to accelerate green energy transitionAbout this guidanceAsian energy systems—commonalities within the diversityUnderstanding the role of IPPs in Asian energy systemsEnergy system in IndonesiaEnergy system in PakistanChina’s role in Asia’s green energy transition and IPPsPractical guide for closing the green energy gap with (Chinese) IPPs in AsiaThe need for green IPPsParties to an IPPSucceeding in different phases of an IPPSummary: Advancing green IPPs through stronger China–Asia energy partnershipsAbout the authorsAbout Griffith Asia InstituteAbout Pakistan-China InstituteAbout The Institute for Essential Services ReformAbout the Green Finance & Development CenterAbout Climate Smart VenturesNotes and referencesAnnexAppendix 1: Overview of interviewsAppendix 2: Evaluation criteria example for Request for Proposal (RfP)Appendix 3: JV negotiationsAppendix 4: Financing challenges for JVs 2335566778991012262729292930303133343536 List of figuresFigure 1: Success factors for bidders and off-takers in IPP implementation—preparation to power delivery ....... 2Figure 2: Electricity generation and emissions in developing Asia (excluding China) ............................................ 3Figure 3: Net zero targets across Asia.................................................................................................................... 3Figure 4: Parties and components of an IPP (based on TransitionZero) ................................................................11Figure 5: Phases for implementing an IPP ............................................................................................................. 12Figure 6: IPP structure requirements across various Asian economies ................................................................18List of tablesTable 1: Engagement strategies for external parties in power plants ..................................................................... 4Table 2: Difference in IPP practices in Asian c