东盟数字共同体2045全球洞察

ASEAN Digital Community 2045 Global InsightsEconomic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)Sentral Senayan II 6thFloorJalan Asia Afrika No. 8, Gelora Bung KarnoSenayan, Jakarta Pusat 10270Indonesia© Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, 2025ERIA Research Project Report FY2025, No. 15Published in July 2025All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted inany form by any means electronic or mechanical without prior written notice to and permission from ERIA.The findings, interpretations, conclusions, and views expressed in their respective chapters are entirely those ofthe author/s and do not reflect the views and policies of the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia,its Governing Board, Academic Advisory Council, or the institutions and governments they represent. Any error incontent or citation in the respective chapters is the sole responsibility of the author/s.Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted with proper acknowledgement. List of AuthorsiiiStockholm Chamber of Commerce, SwedenCenter for Industrial Organization and New Technologies, Ifo Institute, University of Munich, GermanyCenter for Industrial Organization and New Technologies, Ifo Institute, University of Munich, GermanyUnderwood International College (UIC), Yonsei University, Republic of KoreaInstitute of Social Science Survey, Peking University, ChinaExecutive Vice President of Internet Initiative Japan Inc, JapanFaculty of Law, University of Lucerne, Switzerland Lili Yan IngERIAAnthony LarssonOliver FalckNina CzernichJae-Yun HoSherry Tao KongYasuhiko TaniwakiMira Burri ivThe Digital Economy in Sweden: A Lodestar or a Cautionary Tale?The Digital Economy in GermanyOliver Falck and Nina CzernichThe Digital Economy in the Republic of KoreaChina’s Digital EconomyPolicy Issues in a Data-driven Society: A Perspective from JapanGlobal Trade Governance in the Digital EraTable of Contents List of AuthorsiiiTable of ContentsivList of FiguresvList of TablesviAnthony Larsson117Jae-Yun Ho31Sherry Tao Kong47Yasuhiko Taniwaki59Mira Burri77 Chapter 1Chapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 4Chapter 5Chapter 6 vBasic Digital Skills by Country and Age GroupE-government in European Union Countries, 2022Digital Transformation Readiness of Key Industries in the Republic of KoreaThree Perspectives for Promoting Data DistributionUse of Probe Data in the Event of Natural DisastersPolicies for a Data-driven SocietyList of Figures GermanyFigure 2.1Figure 2.2Republic of KoreaFigure 3.1JapanFigure 5.1Figure 5.2Figure 5.3Figure 5.4 222534Data-driven Society60637174 viTop-5 European Countries Closest to a Cashless Society in 2022The Republic of Korea’s Digital Competitiveness PerformanceStrategies and Tasks Identified in the Republic of Korea’s Digital StrategyList of Tables SwedenTable 1.1Republic of KoreaTable 3.1Table 3.2 13237 11.Introduction: Development of the Digital Economy in Sweden – The ‘Cash-A ‘cashless’ society refers to a society where cash is replaced by digital transactions (Nayan, 2022).This concept dates back to Edward Bellamy’s (1888) utopian novelLooking Backward: 2000–1887andwas discussed as a future reality in the 1960s (Reistad, 1967). Sweden serves as a significant casestudy for this development.Central to the cashless society is the ‘War on Cash’ (WOC), an idea introduced by economist KennethS. Rogoff (1998) to combat tax evasion and the uneven cash supply. Whilst not unique to Sweden, thecountry has rapidly progressed towards becoming a cashless economy. Sweden, long seen as a digitalpioneer (Petersén, 2019), aims to fully digitise its economy (Eriksson and Sandhill, 2020). As of 2022,Sweden ranked fourth amongst the European Union (EU) countries on the Digital Economy and SocietyIndex (DESI), trailing Finland, Denmark, and Norway, primarily due to its lower 5G connectivity score(18% vs. the EU average of 66%) (European Commission, 2022).Many countries have adopted a ‘cash-lite’ strategy for a gradual transition to a cashless society,reducing cash use in local transactions (BFA Global, 2015). In contrast, Sweden is aggressively movingtowards a cashless nation, using various digital payment methods. Experts predict Sweden couldbecome completely cashless by 2030 (Arvidsson, 2018; Jalkebro and Vlcek, 2023). In 2022, Sweden wasthird amongst Scandinavian countries in approaching a cashless society, after Norway and Denmark(Table 1.1) (Wright, 2023):ATM = automated teller machine.Table 1.1. Top-5 European Countries Closest to a Cashless Society in 2022People withInternet AccessCredit CardOwnersNo. of ATMs(per 100,000adults)Cash-basedPayments97%71%322%92%63%372%95%45%281%97%45%431%94%66%942%Chapter 1The Digital Economy in Sweden:A Lodestar or a Cautionary Tale?Anthony Larsson less’ SocietySource: Wright (2023).RankCountryUnbankedPopulation1Norway0%2Finland0%3Sweden0%4Denmark0%5Switzerland2% 22.The Processes Involved in Building