将劳动的社会再生产纳入宏观经济理论：无偿照料和有偿生产中的生产率

professionals. ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to contribute to the integration of unpaid caregiving in the householdinto short-and long-term macroeconomic theory and, in particular, the theoretical structure ofproduction on thesupplyside of the economy. The ambition of the project is to furnish a generaltheoretical representation of how unpaid caregiving and its (gendered) social structure contributeto the technical conditions of production in the sphere of marketed output. In so doing, it aims toprovide macro theorists with an apparatus that allows consistent description of both short-term(levels of activity) and long-term (rates of growth) macro outcomes in a manner that routinelyintegrates feminist insights regarding thegendered structure ofthe social reproduction oflaborinto macroeconomic analysis.JEL CODES:E11, E12, B54, E23, J13, J16, J24, O33KEYWORDS:Social reproduction oflabor, unpaid caregiving, macroeconomic theory,potential output, natural rate of growth, technical change. 1 1. INTRODUCTIONAccording toFolbre (2023), in addition to its field-specific concerns with issues related togender and sexuality, feminist economics should permeateallmicro-and macro-theoreticalarguments, because of the breadth and generality of its insightsinto matters pertaining to bothstructure and agency in the economic sphere. Responding to Folbre’s challenge involves, in part,transcending the“boundary problem,”according to which different subjective values areattached to different concepts and activitiesin economics(Dengler and Strunk 2018). Thesevalues then shape the focus of formal economic theory.1Motivated by these considerations, thispaper seeks to contribute to the project addressing the question: in light ofFolbre, what shouldmacro theory look like?One aspect of this project concerns the effect onlaborproductivity in the sphere ofthepaidproduction of gendered, unpaid caregiving associated with the social reproduction oflabor.Heterodox macro models routinely feature class and technological change as associated topics ofanalysis, linked by the theory of induced, factor-biased technical change. It could therefore beargued by analogy that they should also routinely feature gender and the social reproduction oflabor: a source of social stratification (i.e.,gender) that, in turn, bears on the efficiency of aninput into the production of marketed goods and services (via the process of social reproduction).This connection has certainly not escaped the attention of feminist economists(Elson 2000;Picchio 2003), but the possibility remains that,beyond feminist economics,and like thecategories of class and technical change, gender and the social reproduction oflaborroutinelyshape the supply side of the economy (and, in a broader macro-theoreticalcontext, the process ofdemand formation) in non-negligible ways to which macroeconomic theorists should routinely1That this boundary problemapplies to concepts and activities that are the focus of feminist economics—such ascaregiving—is no doubt related in (arguably large) part to the particular sociology of economics as a discipline. Onthe relationship between this sociology, its toxicity, and the attention paid to (and value placed on) feministeconomics see, for example,Kim (2023).2The analysis in what follows will focus on the reproduction oflaborpower between production periods in the shortrun and the long run. Elsewhere,“social reproduction”is understood as a still-broader project encompassing otheraspects of the reproduction of capitalist society as a whole. See, for example,Munro (2019),Quick (2023),andRey-Araújo(2024)for further discussion of the term social reproduction and its usage. 22 3pay attention.3As such, the purpose of this paper is to develop a model of the contribution madeby the gendered social reproduction of labor to the determination of boththelevel andtherate ofgrowth oflaborproductivity in the sphere of paid production. In so doing,it provides a means ofconsistently incorporating the gendered social reproduction oflaborinto descriptions of potentialoutput determination and the natural rate of growth in any short-or long-run macro theory.Even as narrowly defined in this paper, there exist vitally important institutional dimensions tothe social reproduction oflabor. Of first-order importance in this regard is the particular patternof gender relations—patriarchy—that, to date, has provided acommoninstitutional basis for thesocial reproduction oflaboracross space and time. This cannot be safely ignored,and is not inthe analysis that follows. At the same time, the institutions shaping the social reproduction oflaborcan and do vary over time. As noted byMcDonough (2021), social reproduction occursthrough changing combinations and patterns of family, community, state,and market activities.These aspects of the institutional dimension of social reproduction will influence the formalmodelling of social reproduction processes in macro theory, by affecting eith