极端事件中的利益相关者格局与气候风险管理

The Geneva AssociationThe Geneva Association—‘International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics’Zurich | Talstrasse 70, CH-8001 ZurichEmail: secretariat@genevaassociation.org | Tel: +41 44 200 49 00 | Fax: +41 44 200 49 99The Stakeholder Landscape in Extreme Events and Climate Risks ManagementPublished by The Geneva Association—‘International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics’, Zurich.The opinions expressed in The Geneva Association newsletters and publications are the responsibility of the authors. We thereforedisclaim all liability and responsibility arising from such materials by any third parties.Download the electronic versionfromwww.genevaassociation.org. www.genevaassociation.org@TheGenevaAssoc© The Geneva Association The Stakeholder Landscape in Extreme Events and Climate Risk Managementby Maryam Golnaraghi1and Patrick Khalil21Director, Extreme Event and Climate Risks Programme, The Geneva Association2Analyst, Extreme Event and Climate Risks Programme, The Geneva AssociationThe Stakeholder Landscape inExtreme Events and Climate RiskManagement 4www.genevaassociation.orgThe Geneva Association is the leading international insurance think tank for strategically important insurance and riskmanagement issues. It is a unique platform for dialogue between leaders of the insurance industry and key decision-makers at the international and national levels to evidence the important social and economic role of the insuranceindustry.The Geneva Association identifies fundamental trends and strategic issues where insurance plays a substantial role orwhich influence the insurance sector. Through the development of research programmes, regular publications and theorganisation of international meetings, The Geneva Association serves as a catalyst for progress in the understandingof risk and insurance matters and acts as an information creator and disseminator.The Geneva Association membership comprises a statutory maximum of 90 chief executive officers (CEOs) from theworld’s top insurance and reinsurance companies. It organises international expert networks and manages discussionplatforms for senior insurance executives and specialists as well as policy-makers, regulators and multilateralorganisations.Established in 1973, The Geneva Association, officially the “International Association for the Study of InsuranceEconomics”, is based in Zurich, Switzerland and is a non-profit organisation funded by its membership.The Geneva Association @TheGenevaAssoc The Stakeholder Landscape in Extreme Events and Climate Risk ManagementThe threat of large-scale natural disasters and climateis growing across the world, leaving nations increasinglyexposed to a myriad of risks. As a result, many initiativesare under way at the international, regional, nationaland local levels by a diverse range of stakeholders to findbetter ways to protect human lives and livelihoods, andreduce economic losses.Human development and settlement patterns, such asgrowing urban population, wealth and concentrationof assets in high-risk regions, determine if and how anatural hazard could turn into a disaster (World BankGroup and United Nations, 2010).These impacts arefurther exacerbated by climate change, through changingcharacteristics of weather-related extremes, sea levelrise and other environmental changes (IPCC, 2014; IPCC,2012).Whilst for a long time dismissed as ‘acts of God’, thesesocio-economic impacts can only be reduced throughproactive integrated risk management. Over the lastthree decades, international policy dialogue on disasterrisk reduction (DRR), climate change and sustainabledevelopment has advanced, with the goal to addressthe underpinning causes of these risks. Golnaraghi etal. (2016) define 2015 as a landmark year in bringingclarity and coherence to reshape the global developmentpathway. In that year, over 190 Member States adoptedthree international agreements: (i) the Sendai Frameworkfor Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) (United NationsGeneral Assembly,2015a)(ii) the 2030 Agenda forSustainableDevelopment(United Nations GeneralAssembly, 2015b) and (iii) the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC,2015). They highlight that, whilst each has its respectivepriorities for action, their common threadis the recognitionof the importance of a cohesive and integrated approachto managing the risks of extreme events and climateacross different economic sectors, levels of governmentand the society as a whole.Such an approach is risk-informed,and includes ex ante investments,(i)toreduce risks through early warning systems, emergencypreparedness, and preventive measures; and, (ii) distributethe residual economic risk through risk financing and risktransfer (e.g. insurance and alternative risk transfer).This should be augmented with effective post-disasterreconstruction plans to reduce further the risks and buildresilience. Finally, the three framework agreements have,recognised, explicitly or implicitly, the important roleof insura