Battery Energy Storage Systems Report

Battery Energy StorageSystems Report November 1,2024 DISCLAIMER Table of Contents Introduction..................................................................................................................................11Methodology.....................................................................................................................12Use Cases, Penetration, and Functions of Grid Scale BESS.....................................................13Interconnection Timelines...............................................................................................16Selected Use Cases for BESS.........................................................................................17Overall Summary of Functions.................................................................................17Regional Performance-California...........................................................................20Regional Performance-Hawaii................................................................................22Regional Performance-Texas.................................................................................22Known Operational Issues and Events...........................................................................23Moss Landing............................................................................................................23Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) Heat Event...............................24Failure Data Analyses and Root Cause for BESS...................................................25Technical BESS Architecture, Components, and Functions......................................................25Component Functions......................................................................................................27Battery Management Systems and Environmental Control...................................27Inverters....................................................................................................................28PCS............................................................................................................................28Power Electronic Transformers and Inverters........................................................29Sensors and Monitoring...........................................................................................29Grid Transformers.....................................................................................................30Site Control and EMS................................................................................................31Communications and Cloud.....................................................................................32DERMS, Software, and Fleet Controllers.................................................................34Human-Machine Interface (HMI).............................................................................34Supply Chain for BESS Components..........................................................................................35Battery Cell/Modules.......................................................................................................37Battery Cell and Integrator Relationships......................................................................38BMS...................................................................................................................................39PCS....................................................................................................................................40Inverters............................................................................................................................41Summary: Presence of PRC in Combined BESS Supply Chain.....................................43Supply Chain Analysis Challenges: Commonality and Sources....................................43 Threats,Vulnerability, and Attack Exposure for BESS...............................................................46Threats..............................................................................................................................46Vulnerability......................................................................................................................47Attack Exposure...............................................................................................................52Common Digital and Communication Features in BESS and Power Electronics:Risk vs. Benefit.................................................................................................................54Communications and Inverters................................................................................54Condition Monitoring................................................................................................54Supply Chain Threat of PRC Influence for Digital Energy Infrastructure: Evaluating theTechnical Risk Landscape............................................................