模拟NAVAWAR：在实验室中创建超逼真的PNT测试场景

SimulatingNAVWAR Creating ultra-realistic PNTtest scenarios in the lab What’s inside. Introduction3Building ultra-realistic NAVWAR test scenarios4High-dynamic trajectories4Testing Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) systems6Encrypted GNSS signals and complementary PNT6Complex Jamming and Spoofing Threats7Obscuration, diffraction and multipath effects7Overcoming NAVWAR threats with PNT X8The ultimate test platform for realistic NAVWAR PNT scenarios10 Introduction: NAVWAR developments demanda new approach to testing Navigation warfare (NAVWAR) is evolving, with the emergence of new threats, newmitigation techniques and new defensive capabilities. In terms of threats, recent years have seen a significant increase in the use of radiofrequency (RF) jamming and spoofing techniques to disrupt enemy operations. Onthe mitigation side, encrypted GNSS signals like M-CODE, MNSA, Galileo PRS and theforthcoming GPS Regional Military Protection (RMP) signals provide greater threatprotection, while new Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and ground-based services providealternative or enhanced navigation capabilities. Positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) user equipment (UE) is also advancing withthe development of more sophisticated antennas and signal processing algorithms todetect, reject and/or avoid spoofed signals and jamming waveforms. New sensor fusioncapabilities also allow user equipment to blend navigation signals. What is NAVWAR? Navigation warfare (NAVWAR) is a type of electronic warfare(EW). It refers to the deliberate disruption of an adversary’sability to navigate accurately and reliably. Offensive NAVWARtactics typically include signal jamming and signal spoofing,while defensive measures typically involve hardening PNTequipment against jamming and spoofing threats. Read moreon the Spirent blog. SIMUL ATING NAVWAR Building ultra-realistic NAVWAR test scenarios Update rates Developing robust PNT solutions for today’s NAVWAR environmentsrequires a comprehensive test approach. This paper will review fivecomplex requirements of NAVWAR PNT testing in the lab and detailhow developers can meet these requirements through realistic,repeatable simulation. The most obvious limiting or enabling factor when it comes tosimulating high dynamic trajectories is the update rate of thesimulation system. As with all digital systems, simulated trajectories are made up ofa series of single-position iterations. Unless a vehicle moves at aconsistent speed in a straight line throughout the scenario, there willinevitably be deviations from the true trajectory. For instance, if amilitary jet performs a smooth bank, the simulator will plot a series ofpoints (referred to as samples) on that turn and the simulated vehiclewill effectively move in a straight line between each sample. Thefewer the samples – the lower the update rate – the more angularthe turn will be represented in the test. Conversely, a high iterationrate will sample the plotted trajectory more frequently, more closelyfollowing the correct path. Read on to learn about key lab testing considerations and how thesesupport the development of robust and resilient systems. •High-dynamic trajectories and responsive vehicle models•Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) system modelingand evaluation•Encrypted GNSS signals and complementary PNT•Complex jamming and spoofing threat evaluation•Modeling environmental obscuration, diffraction and multipatheffects A 2 kHz update rate – as is standard with the Spirent PNT Xsimulation system – delivers the most realistic trajectories availablein test. Without high update rates for dynamic vehicles in NAVWARtest environments, assessing the impact of NAVWAR attacks onthe vehicle-under-test becomes significantly less precise andrepresentative. Errors in trajectory could be accountable to theattacks, or they could represent the inherent errors in the originalplotting of the course by the test equipment. Because of the nature of the NAVWAR environment and theplatforms operating within it, scenarios often involve high speeds,rapid acceleration and deceleration, jerk, and rapid spinning. Suchplatforms may include missiles, crewed aircraft, or drones. Remaining true to the defined trajectory and dynamics is critical inproviding a realistic evaluation of the performance of the device-under-test. With the elevated demands of highly dynamic platforms,this requires a high simulation iteration rate. In addition, in hardwarein the loop (HIL) environments, low latency between all equipmentin the loop is integral to following precise trajectories and deliveringactionable data. SIMUL ATING NAVWAR Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) 1.2Spinning Vehicles Spinning vehicles create a further headache for testers in accuratelymodeling PNT solutions. As the vehicle rotates on its axis, the GNSSantenna (or antennas) experience rapid and continuous changesin pseudorange. The faster the vehicle spins, and the greater thediameter of the vehicle, the