保护商用飞机免受GPS欺骗威胁

Protecting commercialaircraft against GPSspoofing threats A practical guide for airlines,OEMs and avionics suppliers What’s inside. Executive Summary3How to protect against GPS spoofing4How Spirent can help4Introduction: The growing threat of GPS spoofing to civil aviation5The who, where and why of GPS spoofing6In this eBook: How to start protecting against GPS spoofing today7Immediate actions8Medium-term mitigation options12Longer-term mitigation options16Summary and next steps17How Spirent can help18 Executive Summary A growing threat to civil aviation worldwide 41,000 GPS signal spoofing is a rapidly increasing threat to civilaviation worldwide, and one which poses multiple, seriousrisks for commercial airlines if the issue is not addressed. COMMERCIAL FLIGHTSWERE AFFECTED BY GPSSPOOFING BETWEEN 15JULY AND 15 AUGUST 2024.¹ A spoofing attack involves broadcasting fake GPS signalsto trick a GPS receiver into thinking it is somewhere else.These falsified signals can have a significant impacton safety-critical aircraft systems such as the flightmanagement system (FMS) and enhanced GroundProximity Warning System (eGPWS), as well as essentialcommunications and navigation systems such as ADS-Band RNP/RNAV. Spoofing is typically used as a military tactic in conflictzones, but its wide-area effect means it also impactscivil aviation. Between 15 July and 15 August 2024, a totalof 41,000 commercial flights globally were affectedby spoofing. GPS World has reported the effectsasincluding “sudden clock resets, false terrain warnings andunexpected flight path deviations.²” How to protect against GPS spoofing There are multiple ways that airlines and their suppliers can protect aircraft, flight crewand passengers against the operational and safety risks posed by GPS spoofing. This eBook sets out actions that can be taken now, as well as mitigations that can beimplemented over the medium and long term. These are summarized in the table below. Medium-termmitigation options Immediateactions Longer-termmitigation options •Upgrade receiver hardware tosupport more frequencies andconstellations•Upgrade antenna hardware totake advantage of anti-spoofingcapabilities•Use encrypted or authenticatedsignals •Use real-time spoofing detection& alerting to enable pilots anddispatch to mitigate the threat•Test receivers and systems tounderstand current spoofingvulnerabilities•Upgrade receiver firmware withanti-spoofing algorithms •Evaluate the potential for adding new,global services such as LEO-basedPNT, and incorporate into longer-termavionics roadmaps How Spirent can help Spirent has over 35 years’ experience at the forefront of position, navigation and timing (PNT) test and measurement, working withaerospace and defense organizations to evaluate and develop robust and resilient PNT solutions. Our spoofing detection and alertingservice is available today to help airlines and flight crew prepare for the impacts of spoofing and be immediately notified when avionicssystems are affected. If you would like to discuss any of the vulnerabilities testing and spoofing mitigation options discussed in this eBook, please do get in touch. Introduction:The growing threat of GPS spoofing to civil aviation GPS signal spoofing is a rapidly increasing threat to civil aviation worldwide, and one whichposes multiple, serious risks for commercial airlines if the issue is not addressed. Unlike GPS jamming, which floods GPS frequencies with radio noise that drowns out thesatellite signals, a spoofing attack involves broadcasting fake GPS signals to trick receivers—and thus aircraft—into thinking they are somewhere else. These falsified signals can have a significant impact on aviation systems that rely on position,navigation and timing (PNT) data from GPS satellites. These include safety-critical systemssuch as the flight management system (FMS) and eGPWS, as well as essential communicationsand navigation systems such as ADS-B and RNP/RNAV. •RNAV/RNP Navigation•eGPWS/TWAS•ADS-B•FMS/GPIRS•Autopilot & AHRS•ELT•Weather Radar•Datalinks•Synthetic vision & HUD The who, where and why of GPS spoofing Spoofing can have detrimental effects to civil aviation in multiple areas, including: Today, GPS spoofing is mostly used by nationstates as a military tactic to disrupt enemyoperations in conflict zones, or to protectsenior figures and military assets from droneattacks. Spirent’s real-time spoofing detectionand alerting service observes regularspoofing events in and around politically-contested regions including Eastern Europe,the Middle East, and Asia. •Workloads:Flight crew must find workarounds if systems are compromised by a spoofingattack. This can significantly increase their workload, particularly if one or more systems donot recover from the attack during the flight. •Operations:Spoofing can cause GPS-guided landing approaches to be missed and canalso disrupt air traffic management by causing the aircraft to transmit a false pos