简介：面向越南纺织服装产业的技能战略

February 2025 Towards a skills strategy for the textile and garmentindustry in Viet Nam:Sector analysis, priority skillsneeds, actions, and recommendations Key points VietNam’s textile and garment industry hasexperiencedsignificantgrowthandmadesubstantial economic contributions to help drivenationaldevelopment,including through thecreationof millions of jobs,particularly forwomen. majority of large sectoral players, and domesticfirmsin terms of technological adoption andinnovation, productivity, and profitability. The textile and garment industry has reached thecrossroads. Looking ahead, there is a critical needtoenhance productivity and shift its growthmodel toward sustainable development, greenpractices, and technological innovation (includingdigitaltransformation).Doingsorequiresaddressing the structural challenges along thevalue chain, which also necessitates a workforcewith the skills to drive this transition forward. Job quality in the sector is improving as informalitylevels decline. Some Decent Work deficits remain,partly due to features of global value chains(GVCs) that result in high shares of temporaryemployment and excessive working hours. Thisoftentranslatesintosomeenterprises’non-compliance with labour laws and standards,particularly occupational safety and health (OSH),thatleaves workers and particularly womenexposed. To realize this transformational change, this briefrecommends a number of key steps, includingoptimizing the policy environment, industry andtraininglinkages,the relevance of trainingprogrammes,inclusive and gender-responsiveeducation and training policies, quality assuranceoftraining,industry participation in skillsdevelopment, and financing for sector-specificskillsand training.Additionally,it identifiesbusiness capability gaps, skills implications, andhighlights priority skills and interventions for keyoccupational groups in the short, medium, andlong term. Real wages are growing, but slower than themanufacturing average leading to competition toattract workers. Labour productivity and profitmarginsremain low,dampened by the largeshareof micro,small and medium-sizedenterprises (MSMEs), primarily operating underthe cut-make-trim (CMT) production method. There is a significant divide between foreign directinvestment (FDI) enterprises, which comprise the Over the past 40 years, Viet Nam’s textile and garment industryhasexperienced robust growth and made significanteconomic contributions. This has created millions of jobs,primarily formal wage employment, particularly for women,with higher incomes also helping reduce poverty. Despitethese impressive steps forward, amidst evolving global trends,the industry now requires a step change to upgrade its valuechain and shift towards a more sustainable and competitivedevelopmentmodel.To realize this transition,enhancingworkforce skills is crucial. The research1summarized in this brief2spotlights the industry'sachievements, opportunities and challenges to its continueddevelopment in the context of increasingly deep internationalintegration and participation in GVCs. This analysis informedpolicy-anddecision-makers,socialpartners,sectoralstakeholders,education and training actors,textile andgarment enterprises, and relevant research institutes to identifypriority skills needs and actions needed to drive the industry’stransformationand sustainable growth.3 A combination ofquantitativeand qualitative methods was used,includinganalysis of data and information from multiple sources andstakeholder consultations, including sectoral stakeholders, inline with the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) Skills forTrade and Economic Diversification (STED) framework. © ILO/ Nguyen Duc Hieu Business development and industrycharacteristics 104 countries and territories worldwide.6 As a key economic sector, prioritized by the State to attractdomestic and foreign capital, the textile and garmentindustry has seen its production and business capitalincrease sharply in recent years. This is evidenced by agrowingworkforce and the number of enterprisesdoubling since 2012, surpassing 14,000 in 2022 withMSMEs comprising nearly 90 per cent, as reported by theGeneral Statistics Office (GSO).7Micro enterprises of lessthan five employees witnessed the fastest growth from 19per cent of enterprises in 2012 to 40 per cent in 2022.Firms are mainly concentrated in the Southeast region (50per cent) and Red River Delta (30 per cent), with recentexpansion to central provinces (Nghe An, Thanh Hoa), the Viet Nam's textile and garment sector integration intoGVCsfollowed the"Doi Moi"reforms and efforts toincrease international integration since the early 1990s.The industry made significant strides in the subsequentdecades,attracted substantial investment includingforeign capital, expanded production and saw its exportturnoversurge,reaching US$44.4 billion in 2022,4accounting for nearly 12 per cent of national exportturnover, before dipping to US$ 39.5 b