TABLE OF CONTENTS Cars5Vans6Trucks7Buses8Vans, trucks, and buses9All vehicle segments10 Cars19Vans, trucks, and buses20 FOREWORD ACEA’s ‘Vehicles on European Roads’ report is the go-to publication for the latest information on thenumber of vehicles currently in circulation on Europe’s roads. Our report includes key data, such asthe average vehicle age, vehicle power types, vehicle ownership, and more essential information forunderstanding our sector. Complementing ACEA’s regular car, van, truck, and bus sales updates, this unique report provides asnapshot of what the ‘fleet’ of vehicles on Europe’s roads look like. The report is revealing, demonstratingjust how the sales data of different vehicle types, such as battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), tell a verydifferent story to the actual makeup of vehicles on Europe’s roads. Despite battery-electric cars now being the third most popular choice for new car buyers, with a marketshare of 13.6% of EU registrations, they only represent 1.8% of passenger cars on EU roads, showcasingjust how further we must go to make zero-emission mobility a reality. The data underlines a very important fact: it can take years, even decades, for older vehicles to be replacedby newer models that are equipped with cleaner and greener technologies. Older vehicles typically possessless efficient technologies that produce more emissions and pollution than modern models. This emphasises the importance of ensuring that these older vehicles are swiftly replaced by the greenest,cleanest, and safest models that our industry has been investing heavily in. Once more, this year’s edition found that the average age of all vehicle types, except buses, is graduallyrising, while the number of vehicles on roads has increased once again. There were 249 million passengercars on EU roads in 2023, a 1.4% increase from the previous year. The number of vans, trucks, and buses on roads is also rising, reinforcing the importance of alsoaccelerating the uptake of battery-electric and other zero-emission models in Europe for these vehiclesegments. Of all vehicle types, buses lead the way, with almost a 2.5% share being battery-electricvehicles. The car continues to build on its popularity as an important means of transport, with the number of carsper 1,000 inhabitants growing yet again. In fact, the data has been consistent in showing that the majorityof European households still own a car in the countries studied. The report demonstrates that while legislative targets can help steer change, this is only one small part ofthe puzzle that is the decarbonisation of road transport. Europe needs a realistic pathway to decarbonisingthe automotive industry. The transformation in Europe is not progressing at the pace required. The ecosystem as a whole must become more attractive to customers and the current regulatoryframework should be revised to foster a broader set of enabling conditions, such as charging infrastructureand purchase and tax incentives, to stimulate demand for new models and replenish vehicles on Europe’sroads with the cleanest and greenest models. You can be sure to hear more about all this from us throughout 2025. In the meantime, we wish youinsightful reading. Sigrid de VriesACEA Director General KEY FIGURES • In 2023, the EU passenger car fleet grew by 1.4% compared to 2022, reaching almost 249 millioncars on the road. Nearly all EU countries experienced fleet expansion, with Croatia recording thehighest growth (+4.3%).• There were 30.1 million vans in circulation across the EU, with half being concentrated in threecountries: France (6.5 million), Italy (4.5 million), and Spain (4 million).• There were 6 million medium and heavy commercial vehicles on EU roads, marking a 0.8%increase compared to 2022. Nearly half of these could be found in three countries: Italy(978,039), Germany (977,673), and Poland (832,294).• A total of 679,802 buses were in operation across the EU, more than half of which could be foundin Italy (100,078), France (93,928), Germany (84,628), and Poland (81,754).• EU cars were on average 12.5 years old. Greece had the oldest car fleet (17.5 years), andLuxembourg the newest (8 years).• The average age of light commercial vehicles in the EU was 12.7 years. Among the EU’s fourmajor markets, Italy had the oldest van fleet (14.8 years), followed closely by Spain (14.4 years).• Trucks were on average 14.1 years old in the EU. Greece had the oldest truck fleet (22.6 years),while the newest ones could be found in Austria (6.8 years) and Luxembourg (7.5 years).• Buses on EU roads were on average 12.2 years old. Greek buses were the oldest in the region(17.6 years), closely followed by Romania (17.5 years). Only seven countries in the EU had a busfleet that is less than 10 years old.• Despite the strong increase in sales seen in recent years, electrically chargeable cars (batteryelectric and plug-in hybrid) still made up only 3.9% of the total EU car fleet. In the EU, on