美国航天局NASA50 年太阳系探索

HISTORICALPERSPECTIVES mission to Titan and the Europa Clipper missionto the Jovian moon. Planetary defense is a newaddition to NASA’s planetary portfolio, and theAgency’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test—itsfirst planetary defense mission—is due to launchin 2021. NASA plans to develop a Near EarthObject Surveillance Mission this decade as well.It is safe to say that by 2062, our understand-ing of our solar system will be radically differentthan it is today. And we will look forward to it. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES50YEARSOFSOLARSYSTEMEXPLORATION ABOUT THE EDITOR:Linda Billings is a consul-tantto NASA’s Astrobiology Program andPlanetary Defense Coordination Office in thePlanetaryScience Division of the ScienceMission Directorate at NASA Headquarters inWashington, DC. She earned her Ph.D. in masscommunicationfrom Indiana University.Herresearch interests include science and risk com-munication, social studies of science, the his-tory of space science and exploration, and therhetoric of science and space. She has contrib-uted chapters to several edited volumes, includ-ingFirst Contact: The Search for ExtraterrestrialIntelligence(New American Library, 1990);Societal Impacts of Spaceflight(NASA HistoryDivision, 2007),Remembering the Space Age(NASA History Division, 2008);NASA’s First 50Years:Historical Perspectives(NASA HistoryDivision,2010);Space Shuttle Legacy:HowWe Did It and What We Learned(AIAA, 2013);The Impact of Discovering Life Beyond Earth(Cambridge University Press, 2015); andSocialand Conceptual Issues in Astrobiology(OxfordUniversity Press, 2020). She also has publishedpapers and opinion pieces inSpace Policy;ActaAstronautica;Scientific American; theBulletin ofScience, Technology, and Society;Space News;andAdvances in Space Research.She waselected a fellow of the American Associationfor the Advancement of Science in 2009. Shereceivedan outstanding achievement awardfrom Women in Aerospace (WIA) in 1992 and alifetime achievement award from WIA in 2009. NASA’S FIRST SUCCESSFUL MISSIONto another planet,Mariner 2 to Venus in 1962, marked the begin-ning of what NASA Chief Scientist Jim Greendescribes in this volume as “a spectacular era”of solar system exploration. In its first 50 yearsof planetary exploration, NASA sent spacecraftto fly by, orbit, land on, or rove on every planetin our solar system, as well as Earth’s Moon andseveral moons of other planets. Pluto, reclassi-fied as a dwarf planet in 2006, was visited bythe New Horizons spacecraft in2015. Whatbegan as an endeavor of twonations—theUnited States and the formerSovietUnion—has become a multinationalenterprise, with a growing number of spaceagencies worldwide building and launching plan-etaryexploration missions—sometimes alone,sometimes together.In this volume, a diverse array of schol- ars addresses the science, technology, policy,and politics of planetary exploration. This vol-ume offers a collection of in-depth studies ofimportant projects, decisions, and milestonesof thisera.It is not possible to foresee what the next 50 years of NASA’s planetary exploration pro-gram will reveal. However, the 2020s are alreadylooking promising. Planetary missions in recentyears have focused more and more on explor-ing potentially habitable environments in oursolar system and developing a more in-depthunderstandingof the evolution of planetaryenvironments. Upcoming missions will continueto do so. In 2020, NASA launched its Mars 2020rover, Perseverance, and in 2022 the EuropeanSpace Agency will launch its Exomars rover.The Lucy and Psyche asteroid missions are setto launch in this decade, as are the Dragonfly 50 YEARSOFSOLAR SYSTEMEXPLORATION 50 YEARSOFSOLAR SYSTEMEXPLORATION HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Edited byLINDA BILLINGS National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of CommunicationsNASA History DivisionWashington, DC 20546 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names:Solar System Exploration @ 50 (2012: Washington, D.C.), author. | Billings,Linda, editor. | United States. NASA History Division, issuing body.Title:50 years of solar system exploration: historical perspectives / Linda Billings, editor. Description:Washington,DC:National Aeronautics and Space Administration,Office of Communications, NASA History Division, [2021] “NASA SP 2021-4705.”Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary:“To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the first successful planetarymission, Mariner 2 sent to Venus in 1962, the NASA History Program Office, theDivision of Space History at the National Air and Space Museum, NASA’s ScienceMission Directorate, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory organized a symposium.“Solar System Exploration @ 50” was held in Washington, D.C., on 25–26 October2012. The purpose of this symposium was to consider, over the more than 50-yearhistory of the Space Age, what we have learned about the other bodies of the solarsystem and the processes by which we have learned it. Symposium organizers askedauthors to add