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桥水-瑞·达利欧最新观点-20240407

2024-04-07 - 未知机构 严宏志19905053625
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TheCurrentPictureofWhatIsHappeninginXX赛里斯现状 IwilldescribethisintermsofwhatIseeasthefivebigforcesthatdrivethechangingworldorderandtendtoevolveinbigcycles.Theyare:howwelltheeconomicsystemworks,howwelltheinternalorderworkswithincountries,andhowwelltheworldorderworksbetweencountries,alongwithactsofnatureandtechnology. 我将用我所认为的推动不断变化的世界秩序并倾向于以大周期发展的五大力量来描述这一点。它们是:经济体系的运作情况、国家内部秩序的运作情况、国家之间的世界秩序以及自然和技术行为的运作情况。 1.Therearebigdebtandeconomicproblemsthataredepressingeconomicactivity,prices,and psychology.Domestically,it isa verydifficulttimefor XXfinanciallybecausemanypeoplearesufferingthenegativewealtheffectsoffallinga)realestateprices,b)equityandotherassetprices,c)employment,andd)employeecompensation.Also,therearedebtandfinancialproblemsthatexistinmanycompaniesandmanylocalgovernments that are drags,which,if not properly dealt with,will havebadconsequencesforalongtime.Thesethingshavecontributedtothemoodhavingbecomemoredour. 1.巨大的债务和经济问题正在抑制经济活动、价格和心理。在国内,东方大国的经济正处于非常困难的时期,因为许多人正在遭受 a)房地产价格、 b)股票和其他资产价格、 c)就业和 d)员工薪酬下跌带来的负面财富效应。 另外,很多企业和很多地方政府都存在债务和财务问题,这些问题如果处理不好,将在很长一段时间内产生不良后果。这些事情导致情绪变得更加阴沉。 Howshouldtheseproblemsbedealtwith?Tome,asamacroeconomicthinkerwhoapproachessuchdebtandeconomicproblemsmorelikeadoctorthananideologue,theleadershipneedstohaveadebtrestructuring,whichitshoulddoviaengineeringabeautifuldeleveraging(seemybookPrinciplesforNavigatingBigDebtCrises,whichI’mgivingyouhereforfreeifyou’reinterestedindelvingintowhatthatlookslike)oritwillhavea“lostdecade”likeJapan’s.Whilemanypeoplethinkpolicymakersshouldeasemonetarypolicytocreatemorecredit,Ithinktheycorrectlyviewcreatingmorecreditanddebtlikegivinganalcoholicadrinktohelpeasewithdrawalproblems.Ibelievethat they should engineer both 1)a deleveraging(which is deflationary,depressing,andwillreducethedebtburden)and2)aneasingofmonetarypolicy(whichisinflationary,stimulative,andwilleasethedebtburden)sothatthedeflationarywaysofreducingdebtandtheinflationarywaysofdoingitbalance.ThisiswhatImeanbya “beautifuldeleveraging.”Inmyopinion,thisshouldhavebeendonetwoyearsagoandifnotdonewillprobablyleadtoalostdecade.Ithinksomeoftheeconomicleaders,especiallythosewhodidthisunderZRJ,understandhowtodothis,butitisverydifficultandpoliticallydangeroustodobecauseitengineersbigchangesinwealth,whichis politically challenging,especially during a difficult time because peoplesquawk.Inmyopinion,iftheleadershipdoesn’texecuteabeautifuldeleveraging,ChinawillhaveaJapanese-stylelostdecadewithMarxistcharacteristics. 这些问题应该如何处理呢?对我来说,作为一个宏观经济思想家,他更像是一位医生而不是一位理论家来处理此类债务和经济问题,领导层需要进行债务重组,而这应该通过设计一个漂亮的去杠杆化来实现(参见我的书《应对大债务危机的原则》),否则它将有一个像日本一样的“失去的十年”。虽然许多人认为政策制定者应该放松货币政策以创造更多信贷,但我认为他们正确地认为创造更多信贷和债务就像喝一杯酒来帮助缓解提款问题一样。 我认为,他们应该同时设计: 1)去杠杆化(通货紧缩、抑制并减轻债务负担)和 2)放松货币政策(通胀、刺激并减轻债务负担),以便减少债务的通货紧缩方式和平衡债务的通货膨胀方式。 这就是我所说的“漂亮的去杠杆化”。我认为,这件事在两年前就应该做,如果不做,很可能会导致失去的十年。我认为一些经济领导人,特别是ZRJ领导下的那些人,知道如何做到这一点,但这样做非常困难,而且在政治上很危险,因为它会导致财富的巨大变化,这在政治上具有挑战性,尤其是在困难时期。时间,因为人们尖叫。在我看来,如果领导层不执行漂亮的去杠杆,赛里斯将会经历一个具有马克思主义特征的日本式的失去的十年。 Theagingpopulationissueisaheavyweightforthosewhoareold,fortheirchildren,andforthegovernment’sfinancesandsocialissues.Theaverageageofretirementis53andtheaverageageofdeathis84,sopeoplewithoutincomeshavetobetakencareoffor31yearsonaverage.Thisismademoredifficultbecausethepreviousone-childpolicymeansthatonepersonhastotakecareoftwoparents.Thishasbeenadepressantinthemoodandthefinancialsituation.Whiletheretirementageshouldberaisedandasocialsupportsystemincludingold-agecareshouldbeimproved,neitherishappeningatanadequatepace.Thatismostlybecausepeopledon’twanttheirretirementagestorisesodoingthatispoliticallyuntenableandbecausethegovernmentbureaucracyismovingveryslowly,especiallynowthatmostgovernmentofficialsarereluctanttotakeboldactionsbecausethosecanbepoliticallydisruptive(astheywereinothercountries,mostnotablyFrance)andpeoplesquawk,soittakescourage.Also,withtheworkforcedecliningand old people getting ill and passing away,this is burdensome anddepressing.Onceagain,thisislikelytoremainaburdenunlessthegovernmentdealswithitinamoreforcefulway. 人口老龄化问题对于老年人、对于子女、对于政府的财政和社会问题都是一个沉重的负担。平均退休年龄为53岁,平均死亡年龄为84岁,因此没有收入的人平均需要被照顾31年。这变得更加困难,因为以前的一胎政策意味着一个人必须照顾两个父母。这对情绪和财务状况都是一种抑制。虽然应该提高退休年龄,完善包括养老在内的社会支持体系,但两者的进展速度都不够。这主要是因为人们不希望提高退休年龄,因此这样做在政治上是站不住脚的,而且政府官僚机构的 行动非常缓慢,特别是现在大多数政府官员不愿意采取大胆的行动,因为这些行动可能会造成政治破坏(如他们在其他国家,尤其是法国),人们会大声叫嚷,所以这需要勇气。此外,随着劳动力的减少和老年人的生病和去世,这是负担和令人沮丧的。除非政府以更有力的方式处理,否则这可能仍然是一个负担。 2.The internal wealth gap and the resulting conflict over wealth and values areintensifying,whichisfear-inducing.Theinternalwealthgaphasledtothegovernment’spushforcommonprosperityandgovernment-directed,seeminglyarbitraryratherthanrule-basedactions.Thesemovesappeartosomepeopletobeanti-capitalist,whiletootherstheyaresimplythegovernment’smessagestopeopletostayoutofpoliticsanddowhattheleadershipwantsthemtodotohelpsociety.Inanycase,it’sfear-inducingandoppressive,especiallyforthecapitalistelites.OnarecenttriptoXX,myChinesefriendsremindedmethatthroughoutChinesehistory,it’stypicallybeenthecasethatyoucan’tberichandbeagovernmentoff