2023 年全球能源回顾

Wo r l dEnergyReview20 2 3 In2022the energy market, which was gradually recovering from Covid pandemic, experienced anew discontinuity due tothe Russian invasion of Ukraine. The war had major ramifications on the global economy, the drastic change in the monetary policies of Central Banks, theneed to reconsider energy flows with the exclusion of Russia’s oil and gas volumes. In the World Energy Review (WER), now at its 22nd edition, the evolution of the main energy variables is depicted: oil, gas,new renewables and critical minerals. Specifically, in 2022, the following highlights emerge: •World Energy Mix- Worldprimary energy consumptiongrows at a rate close to 1% vs. 2021, confirming the almost un-broken trend of recent decades. In terms of composition, fossil fuels continue to cover about 80% of energy demand, anamount that has been essentially stable for 30 years. The share of renewables (solar and wind) in the energy mix grows,but their weight still remains limited, at just 3%. •Oil-Pricesup 43% y/y (Brent at 101.2 $/b), amid continuingdemandgrowth (+2.2 Mb/d) to 100 Mb/d, almost fullyrecovering from the pandemic-related loss (-0.7% vs 2019) with an equal contribution between OECD (+1.1 Mb/d) andnon-OECD (+1.1 Mb/d). World oilproductionincreases by 4.3 Mb/d, with growth concentrated in Gulf OPEC countries dueto the unwinding of 2020 cuts. In terms ofcrude quality, a halt in the barrel lightening process is confirmed, with a slightdecrease in the share of Light crudes in favor of Medium and Heavy crudes.Net refining capacityreturns to grow in 2022with the entry of new projects in the Middle East and China amounting to just under 2 Mb/d. •Gas-Pricesreach significantly high levels directly affecting downstream commodities, foremost among them electricity,with major impacts on consumers, governments, production systems, and the entire global economy. Thermal year 2021/22begins with significantly reduced inventories and gas prices 7 times higher than on October 1, 2020. Europe compensatesthe shortfall in pipeline imports from Russia mainly by attracting additionalLNGvolumes, pays higher prices, and losesits traditional role as a global balancer by becoming the premium market capable of generating pressure on all major gasprice indices. Global gas demand overall in 2022 falls by more than 1%, after a post-pandemic rebound in 2021 (˜+5%), withdivergent dynamics on a global scale: sharp braking in Europe, Russia, and Asia, only partially offset by growth in the USand Middle East. •Renewables- Although installations have been growing exponentially in recent years, the share of solar and wind in theelectricity generation mix has risen to just above 10%, compared with more than 60% generated by fossil fuels (including36% of the total generated by coal). •Critical minerals (cobalt, copper, lithium, nickel, rare earths and silicon)-They play a key role in some key transi-tion-related technologies: batteries (cobalt, lithium and nickel), wind (rare earths) and solar (silicon). Most of themshow significant growth in terms of production, also reflecting increased demand. Nickel and lithium mark the largestincrease (over 20%). Finally, it is worth mentioning how the new energy setup has also affected CO2emissions from fuel combustion, whichspiked again (+1%, after the post covid recovery recorded in 2021), resulting from the increase in coal consumption. Claudio DescalziChief Executive Officer and General Manager Oil - Production Quality Introduction 8LIST OF COUNTRIES912121213NOTES AND METHODSWORLD ENERGY MIXWorld Energy Mix 2022World Power Capacity Mix 2022World Power Generation Mix 2022 74WORLD74Crude Production by Quality74Crude Production by Gravity74Crude Production by Sulphur Content75Quality and Production Volumeof Main Crudes76Crude Production by Quality - Chart 77EUROPE77Crude Production by Quality77Quality and Production Volumeof Main Crudes78Crude Production by Quality - Chart79Countries Oil - Trade and Prices 100AMERICAS100Crude Production by Quality101Quality and Production Volumeof Main Crudes102Crude Production by Quality - Chart103Countries 64IMPORTS64The World Top 10 Importers65Countries Natural Gas -Supply and Demand Critical Minerals Renewables 180SOLAR RESOURCESMap (GlobalHorizontal Irradiance) 216COBALT216RESERVES216Countries216The World Top 10217World Cobalt Reserves 114RESERVES114Areas and Aggregates116The World Top 10 Reserves Holders117Countries 181SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWERCAPACITY181Areas and Aggregates183The World Top 10184Countries 218PRODUCTION218Countries218The World Top 10219World Cobalt Production 121PRODUCTION121Areas and Aggregates123The World Top 10 Producers124Countries 189SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWERGENERATION189Areas and Aggregates191The World Top 10192Countries 220COPPER220RESERVES220Countries220The World Top 10221World Copper Reserves 128RESERVES/PRODUCTION RATIO128Areas and Aggregates129The World Top 10 Producers Rankedby Reserves/Production Ratio130Cou