2022年全球电动汽车电池供应链报告

GlobalSupplyChainsofEVBatteriesleaOFNTRIFXEHICVECLEANENERGY INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYThe IEA examines the full spectrum ofIEA member countries:Spainenergy issues including oil, gas andAustraliaSwedencoal supply and demand, renewableAustriaSwitzerlandenergy technologies, electricityBelgiumRepublic of Turkiyemarkets, energy efficiency, access toCanadaUnited Kingdomenergy, demand side managementCzech RepublicUnited Statesand much more. Through its work, theDenmarkIEA advocates policies that willEstoniaIEA association countries:enhance the reliability, affordabilityFinlandArgentinaand sustainability of energy in its 31FranceGermanyBrazilmember countries, 10 associationChinacountries and beyond.GreeceEgyptHungaryIndiaPlease note that this publication isIrelandIndonesiasubject to specific restrictions that ItalyMoroccolimit its use and distribution. TheJapanSingaporeterms and conditions are availableKoreaSouth Africaonline at www.iea.org/t&c/LithuaniaThailandLuxembourgThis publicatisn and any map includes harsin arewithout prejudice to the status of cr sovereigntyMexicoovel ary lorri.ory, le the deliritalion ofNetherlandsinleinsional fron.iers and boundaries and to theNew Zealandname of any tarritory, city cr ar9e.NorwayPolandPortugalSource: IEA. All rights reservedSlovak RepublicIntenational Energy AgencyWebsite: www.iea.orglea Glona/ supply chalrs o1 V :atenesExecutivesummary Gloha/ supp y chairs o1 LV :atsneAs electric car sales continue to break records,supply chain considerations move tothe foreBatteries typically accounts for 30% to 40% of the value of an electricToday's battery and minerals supply chainsrevolvevehicles (EV), and the race to net zero will focus attention on thearound Chinasecurity of supply of the critical minerals and metals needed toChina produces three-quarters of allithium-ion batteries and is homemanufacture them.to 70% of procuction capacity for cathodes and 85% for anodes (bothElectric car sales continued to break records in 2021,are key components of batteries). Over half of lithium, cobalt andtesting the resilience of battery supply chainsgraphite processing and refining capacity is located in China. EuropeFew areas in the world of clean energy are as dynamic as EVis responsible for over one-quarter of global EV assembly, but it ismarkets. In 2021, EV sales broke new records, with nearly 10% ofhome to very litle ofthe supply chain apart from cobalt processing atglobal car sales being electric, four times their market share in 2019.20%. The United States has an even smaller role in the global EVPublic and private spending on EVs doubled relative to 2020. Morebattery supply chain, with only 10% of EV production and 7% ofand more countries have pledged to phase out ICEs or havebattery production capacity. Korea and Japan have considerableambitious slectrification targets. Five times more EV models wereshares of the supply chain downstream of raw material processing.svallable in 2021 relative to 2015, and most major carmakers areparticularly in the highly technical production of cathode and anodeannouncing plans to further accelerate electrification of their fleets.material. Korea is responsible for 15% of global cathodle materialproduction capacity, while Japan accounts for 14% of cathode andChina accounted for half ofthe growth ofthe EV market in 2021. More11% of anode material production. Korean and Japanese companiesvehicles were sold in China in 2021 (3.3 million) than in the entireare also involved in the production of other battery components suchworld in 2020, Sales in Europe continued to grow robustly (up 65%as separators.to 2.3 million) after the 2020 boom, and they increased in the UnitedStates as well (to 630 000) after two years of decline. The first quarterMost keep minerals are mined in resource-rich countries such asof 2022 showed similar sales trends.Australia, Chile and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and handledby a few major companies, Governments in Europe and the UnitedStates have bold public sector initiatives to develop domestic batterysupply chains, but the majority of the supply chain is likely to remainPrs=12lea Glona/ supp y chairs o1 V : atenesChinese through 2030. For example, 70% of battery productionfor other parts of the supply chain in some cases requiring morecapacity announcedl for the period to 2030 is in China.than a decade from initial feasibility studies to production, and thenBattery and minerals supply chains will have to expandseveral more years to reach nominal production capacity. Projectedmineral supply until the end of the 2020s is in line with the demandten-fold to meet government EV ambitionsfor EV batteries in the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS). But theThe rapid increase in EV sales during the pandemic tested thesupply of some minerals such as lithium would need to rise by up toresiience of battery supply chains, and Russis's war in Ukraine hasone-third by 2030 to satisfy the pledges and announcements for EVfurther exacerbated matt