用于制氢的水

© IRENA 2023 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/orstored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Materialin this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, andappropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material. ISBN:978-92-9260-526-1 CITATION:IRENA and Bluerisk (2023),Water for hydrogen production,International Renewable Energy Agency,Bluerisk, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. ABOUT IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supportscountries in their transition to a sustainable energy future and serves as the principal platform for internationalco-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledgeon renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewableenergy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit ofsustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org ABOUT BLUERISK Bluerisk is a water strategy and data analytics consultancy focused on enhancing resilience and reducing riskin the face of emerging water challenges. www.blueriskintel.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The report was developed under the guidance of Ute Collier acting-Director, IRENA Knowledge Policy and FinanceCentre and authored by Emanuele Bianco (IRENA), Tianyi Luo (Bluerisk), and Divyam Nagpal (ex-IRENA). IRENA colleagues Ann-Kathrin Lipponer, Luis Janeiro and Francisco Boshell provided valuable input. Aneta Cornell (Ecolab), Lorenzo Rosa (Stanford University), Chao Zhang and Yinshuang Xia (Tongji University),provided technical contributions to the report. Marina Melnikova and Yury Melnikov (Mylonastars) provided usefulcontributions and observations. The report benefited from the reviews and comments of experts, including Alistair Wyness, Rachael Raid (BP),Nitin Bassi (CEEW), Yu Zhang, Ziyan Sha (China Hydrogen Energy Industry Promotion Association), CristianCarraretto, Roberto Gonzales (EBRD), Aneta Cornell, Emilio Tenuta (Ecolab), Massimo Santarelli (PolytechnicUniversity of Turin), Alejandro Longueira (Roland Berger) and Smeeta Fokeer (UNIDO). Publication support was provided by Francis Field and Stephanie Clarke (IRENA). The report was edited by FayreMakeig, with design provided by Elkanodata. For further information or to provide feedback:publications@irena.org DISCLAIMER This publication and the material herein are provided “as is”. All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA to verify thereliability of the material in this publication. However, neither IRENA nor any of its officials, agents, data or other third-partycontent providers provides a warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, and they accept no responsibility or liability forany consequence of use of the publication or material herein. The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of all Members of IRENA. The mention of specificcompanies or certain projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by IRENA in preference toothers of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not implythe expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or ofits authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries. Table of contents Glossary5 Executive summary6 Chapter 1Introduction to the hydrogen-water nexus14 Chapter 2A review of water quantity requirementsin commercial-scale hydrogen production21 Chapter 3Water footprint and risks of global hydrogen production32 Chapter 4Deep-dive analyses of northern China, the Gulf and Europe42 54 References59 Appendix63 Figures Figure S1A comparison of average water withdrawal and consumptionintensities by hydrogen production technologyFigure S2Current and projected freshwater withdrawal for globalhydrogen production, by pathwayFigure 2.1Schematics of process-specific water withdrawal and consumptionin litres for typical hydrogen technologies to generate 1 kilogramme ofhydrogenFigure 2.2Share of the water withdrawal needs of production and coolingin the overall water demand of hydrogen production examplesFigure 2.3A comparison of average water withdrawal and consumptionintensities by hydrogen production technologyFigure 2.4Relations between hydrogen conversion efficiency and waterwithdrawal and consumption intensities of a typical electrolysisprojectFigure 2.5Annual water withdrawal of typical hydrogen production projects,thermal power plants and municipalitiesFigure 3.1Current and projected