2022年海运回顾报告

UNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONTRADE AND DEVELOPMENTREVIEWOFMARITIMETRANSPORT2022Navigatingstormy watersUnitedNations UNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONTRADEANDDEVELOPMENTREVIEWOFMARITIMETRANSPORT2022NavigatingstormywatersUnitedNations2022 REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2022@ 2022, United NationsAl rights reserved worldvideRequests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Centerat copyright.com.All other queries on rights and [icences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to:United Nations Publications405 East 42r* StreetNew York, New York 10017United States of AmericaEmail: publicationsBun.orgWebsite: https://shop.un.org/The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status ofany country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers orboundaries.Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations.This publication has been edited externaly.United Nations publication issued by the United NationsConference on Trade and DevelopmentUNCTAD/RMT/2022ISBN: 978-92-1-113073-7eISBN: 978-92-1-002147-0ISSN: 0566-7682elSSN: 2225-3459Sales No. E.22.I.D.42 REVIEW OF MARITIMETRANSPORT 2022ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe Review of Maritime Transport 2022 was prepared by UNCTAD under the overall guidance ofShamika N. Sirimanne, Director of the Division on Technology and Logistics of UNCTAD, and under thecoordination of Jan Hofrmann, Head of the Trade Logistics Branch, Division on Technology and Logistics.Regina Asariotis, Mark Assaf, Celine Bacrot, Hassiba Benamara, Juan Luis Crucelegui, Poul Hansen,Jan Hoffmann, Argyro Kepesidi, Tomasz Kulaga, Renaud Massenet, Teresa Moreira, Anila Premti, LuisaRodriguez, Hidenobu Tokuda, Pamela Ugaz and Frida Youssef made contributions to the report.The report benefitted from contributions from officials from the International Maritime Organization andfrom regional commissions of the United Nations (ECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, and ESCWA): Julian Abril Garcia,Sole, Fouadl Ghorra, Azhar Jaimurzina Ducrest, Sooyeob Kim, Dorota Lost-Sieminska, Ricardo Sanchez,and Lynn lan.Comments and suggestions from the following revewers are gratefuly acknowledged: Hashim AbbasSyed, Julian Abril Garcia,_ Takuya Adachi, Peter Adams, Roar Adland, Stefanos Alexopoulos, MarioCrowe, Laurent Daniel, Bud Dar, Neil Davidson, lsmael Cobos Delgado, Jan de Boer, Peter de Langen,Rolando Diaz, Thorsten Diephaus, Juan Manuel Diez Orejas, Simone Egerton, Minsang Eom, MahinFaghfouri, Fredrik Haag, Mark Henderson, James Hookham, Richard Martin Humphreys, Anne Kappel,Eleni Kontou, John Manners-Bell, Sunhye Lee, Socrates Leptos-Bourgi, Ignacio Lopez Chaves, DorotaLost-Sieminska, Turloch Mooney, Alan Murphy, Sarah Oliver, Sascha Pristrom, Stefan Raes, Jean-PaulRodrigue, Torbjorn Rydbergh, Peter Sand, Clemens Schapeler, Vivek Srivastava, Emily Stausboll, StelliosStratidakis, Lynn Tan, Antonella Teodoro, Malay Trivedi, Patrick Verhoeven, Brandt Wagner and TengfeiWang, Experts from the International Chamber of Shipping reviewed Chapter 2.Comments received from UNCTAD divisions as part of the internal peer review process, as well ascomments from the Office of the Secretary-General, are acknowledged with appreciation.The Review was edited by Peter Stalker. Administrative, editing, and proofreading support was providedby Wendy Juan. Magali Studer designed the publication.Management of the United Nations Office at Geneva.Special thanks are also due to Vladislav Shuvalov for reviewing the publication in full. REVIEW OFMARITIME TRANSPORT2022TABLEOFCONTENTSAcknowledgements.iiAbbreviationsNote..xiliForeword....XVOverview,IIAXINTERNATIONALMARITIMETRADEAInternational maritime trade fiows...B.Key trends shaping maritime transport...17C.Outlook...21D.Policy priorities and key action areas.232.MARITIMETRANSPORTSERVICES.31AModerate fieet growth in 2021....33B.Fleet owners face tighter environmental regulations....36C.Ship ownership and registration ..D.High levels of shipbuilding and less recycling..46E.Port and logistics services..49F.Conclusions and policy considerations..533.FREIGHTRATESANDTRANSPORTCOSTS.59A.61B.Dry bulk freight rates reach record highs ..68Tanker freight rates weak in 2021 but rise in 2022.72D.Summary and policy considerations..744.KEYPERFORMANCEINDICATORSFORPORTSANDTHESHIPPINGFLEET.79APort calls and tumaround times....B.Port waiting time and cargo handling performance..85C.Lessons from the TRAINFORTRADE Port Management Programme.92D.Liner shipping connectivity -.96E.Impact of the war in Ukraine.....102F.Productivity of the world fleet ....105G.Greenhouse gas emissions from the world feet.107H.Summary and policy considerations..1125.MARITIMETRADEFACILITATION.117ATrade facitation heips decongest the supply ch.119B.Emergency responses: tracle facilitation for critical goods122C