Building our way to Net-Zero: Carbon Dioxide Pipelines in the United States

JOEY MINERVINIGlobal CCS InstituteJAMIE BURROWSDNVERROL PINTOGlobal CCS InstituteHUGH BARLOWGlobal CCS InstituteWITH COLLABORATION FROM RAMÓN GIL-EGUIUniversity of Texas, Bureau of Economic GeologyRYAN KAMMERGreat Plains InstituteJOSIE LONGProcess Performance Improvement Consultants, LLCEMMA THOMLEYGreat Plains Institute2024 THOUGHT LEADERSHIPMAY 2024BUILDING OUR WAY TO NET-ZERO: CARBON DIOXIDE PIPELINES IN THE UNITED STATES BUILDING OUR WAY TO NET ZERO: CARBON DIOXIDE PIPELINES IN THE UNITED STATES2EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4KEY MESSAGES 51.0 INTRODUCTION 62.0 LEGAL AND REGULATORY STATE OF PLAY OF CO2 PIPELINES IN THE US 103.0 PIPELINE SAFETY, RISKS, AND BEST PRACTICES 164.0 THE NEED FOR COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT 325.0 CONCLUSIONS 406.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 41APPENDIX 1 – LISTING OF PIPELINE LEGISLATION BY US STATE 44APPENDIX 2 – LISTING OF PIPELINE REGULATIONS AND ASSOCIATED AGENCIES BY US STATE 46APPENDIX 3 – FEDERAL- AND STATE-LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE MAPPING TOOLS 49CONTENTSThis report was prepared by the Global CCS Institute in collaboration with DNV, the University of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, the Great Plains Institute, and Process Performance Improvement Consultants, LLC.The Institute thanks the US Department of Energy and the US Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, for thoughtful review of the report.Joey Minervini (Global CCS Institute) authored the Introduction and Community Engagement sections. Errol Pinto (Global CCS Institute) authored the Legal and Regulatory State of Play section. Jamie Burrows (DNV) authored the Pipeline Safety, Risks, and Best Practices section. Hugh Barlow (Global CCS Institute) authored the Satartia section.Ramón Gil-Equi (University of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology), Ryan Kammer (Great Plains Institute), Josie Long (Process Performance Improvement Consultants, LLC), and Emma Thomley (Great Plains Institute) provided valuable input and review of the report’s content and messaging.The report was edited by Wendy Wells (Global CCS Institute) and designed by Creative Instinct.Acknowledgements BUILDING OUR WAY TO NET ZERO: CARBON DIOXIDE PIPELINES IN THE UNITED STATES3CCS REMAINS THE ONLY VIABLE NEAR-TERM DECARBONIZATION SOLUTION FOR SOME INDUSTRIAL SECTORSAcronymsAEGLs Acute Exposure Guideline LevelsAFOLUAgriculture, Forestry, and Other Land UseAIHAAmerican Industrial Hygiene AssociationAPIAmerican Petroleum InstituteBECCSBioenergy with Carbon Capture and StorageBiCRSbiomass carbon removal and storageBLMBureau of Land ManagementCATFClean Air Task ForceCBPCommunity Benefits PlanCCScarbon capture and storageCDRcarbon dioxide removalCFCschlorofluorocarbonsCFRCode of Federal RegulationsCH4methaneCO2carbon dioxideCOBRACO-Benefits Risk Assessment Health Impacts Screening and Mapping Tool (US EPA)COP 2828th United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the PartiesCOSHERCO2 safety, health, environment and riskDACdirect air captureDNVDet Norske VeritasDOEUS Department of EnergyEDXNETL Energy Data eXchange portalE.O.Executive OrderEORenhanced oil recoveryEPAUS Environmental Protection AgencyERPGsEmergency Response Planning GuidelinesESGEnvironmental, Social, and GovernanceFECMOffice of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (US DOE)FOAFunding Opportunity AnnouncementGCSGulf Coast SequestrationGHGgreenhouse gasGtCO2gigatonnes of CO2GPIGreat Plains InstituteGWPglobal warming potentialH2OwaterHCAHigh Consequence AreaICSincident command systemIDLHimmediately dangerous to life or healthIPCCUnited Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIMIntegrity ManagementLiDARLight Detection and RangingMtmegatonnesMtCO2megatonnes of CO2MLAMineral Leasing ActMPamegapascalMWPMitigation Action and Implementation Work ProgrammeN2Onitrous oxideNATCARBNational Carbon Sequestration Database and Geographic Information SystemNETLNational Energy Technology LaboratoryNIMSNational Incident Management SystemNIOSHNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthNOAANational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNOxnitrogen oxidesNPRMnotice of proposed rulemakingNPVnet present valueOMBOffice of Management and BudgetOPSOffice of Pipeline Safety (an office within PHMSA)OSHAOccupational Safety and Health Administration (US Dept. of Labor)PELpermissible exposure limitPHMSAPipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (US Dept. of Transportation)PIPESProtecting Our Infrastructure of Pipelines and Enhancing Safety Act of 2020PM2.5particulate matter below 2.5 micronsppmparts per millionpsig pounds per square inch gaugeRPRecommended PracticeRSPAResearch and Special Programs Administration (PHMSA’s predecessor)SO2sulfur dioxideTWAtime-weighted averageUICUnderground Injection Control Program (US EPA)UNUnited NationsUNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUSDWUnderground Source of Drinking WaterUSE ITUtilizing Significant Emissions with Innovative Technologies Act of 2020 BUILDING OUR WAY